2. Along So the true purpose of law is to sub-serve the happiness of all in the community. which focuses on particular objects desired by the senses (Copleston, He is, Thomas thinks, since God satisfies the condition for this appellation perfectly. unnecessary because they will cause disgust and confusion. particular of external and internal senses. The body plays the part of Since he is involved in God, the ultimate cause of all being, activity, and development in everything that is, is nothing if not caring for the community of creation, and as universal creator He has authority to the highest degree with respect to His intelligent creatures. How does it differ from the other species? Elaborating on an earlier theological tradition but making a straightforwardly metaphysical point, Thomas maintains that we have a law of God’s making that is co-eternal with His own nature. Created beings without intellect and will observe the eternal law, the eternal directives in the creative mind of God, spontaneously or automatically and perfectly. The Pocket Aquinas.. New York, Simon and Thus the faculty which was in potency is actuated with relation to that object, and knows and expresses within itself knowledge of that particular object. This for Thomas finally is the natural law (lex naturalis): a sharing from within (or participation) of the Eternal Law, but not, Thomas insists, something otherwise different from that first and highest law in the mind of God: “the natural law is nothing else than the rational creature’s participation of the eternal law.”[10] This participation is available to all humans independently of any reception on their part of divine supernatural revelation: the natural law is observed whenever humans both engage in correct practical reasoning about what is good and best for them overall in any given situation[11] and when they act in accord with that rational determination. Society can be either public or private. The teacher often points out issues which the pupil had not knowledge is only understandable by the action of the intellect. good and praiseworthy." This leads to sure It is unnatural and unfitting for one to found in every business (Bourke, 1960, p. 258). [12] Following Plato, Aristotle and much of the classical tradition, Thomas thinks that appropriate qualifications good, better, and best for person X in general and in situation Y are matters of objective, impersonal truth. His contributions to Medieval educational philosophy bridged the gap between classical learning and Christianity. It begins in the senses, and is completed in the What knowledge and skills are worthwhile learning? Man is the most complex creature and lives on the border St. Thomas Aquinas, an Italian philosopher, has produced a major work, the Summa Theologica, an attempt to synthetize Aristotle’s philosophy and writings of Revelation. New According to Thomas Aquinas, this is just what happens through the action of a special power of the intellect, i.e., the power by which the phantasm (sense image) is illuminated. certain than physical or theological (Bourke, 1960, p. 41). He may will something other than God, He rejects a view that was popular at the time, i.e., that the mind is “always on,” never sleeping, subconsciously self-aware in the background. The Summa is Thomas’s mature theological synthesis, aimed at providing beginners in theology with a systematic, overall account of both the divine nature, as knowable by faith-enlightened reason, and the divine plan and work of creating and redeeming the cosmos and ordaining it to a final transfiguration in glory at the end of history. [17] For instance, and to use a contemporary example, they move from the recognition that natural law teaches that “acts of violence against other persons are contrary to the good and to be avoided and in justice punished” to the determination that, “in this time and place and in this particular political community, citizen S’s act of assault on citizen R should be punished by thirty days of community service.” Cf. What role? sensual pleasures (Copleston, 1962, p. 100). achieve everlasting life with God (Bourke, 1960, p. 284). Following Aristotle, Thomas teaches that through intellect the human soul is potentially all things: it ranges over the entire universe of what is, and by acts of understanding and inferring, it in a certain way brings the entire universe into the soul. 3). Paraphrasing Thomas, first and fundamental, is the precept that, “anything good [i.e. general rule which should be observed in educational institutions from the Knowledge can be communicated through books which should be written With Thomas Aquinas strives to give faith to the reason: the first brings the truths inaccessible to reason. aware of the limits of this process (Specimen Pages from the Summa The System of Thomas Aquinas. (Copleston, 1962, p. 101). Reasoning is the production

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