Soc. We extracted genomic DNA from individual bees using the Qiagen DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, USA), and ran polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) on a Bio-Rad DNA Engine Dyad Peltier thermal cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Euglossa villosa constitutes the monotypic subgenus Dasystilbe, and is restricted to Central America and Mexico. Engelmann, Leipzig [in German], Willis LG, Winston ML, Honda BM (1992) Phylogenetic relationships in the honeybee (genus, Wilson EO (1971) The insect societies. The Euglossini contains five (Fig. Biol. Constantino R. (1992) Abundance and diversity of termites (Insecta: Isoptera) in two sites of primary rain forest in brazilian amazonia, Biotropica 24, 420–430. observ. Two fossil orchid bees are known from Miocene Dominican amber deposits, and several corbiculate bees are known from amber and shale deposits elsewhere. Our age estimates, combined with the species' diversity for each genus, indicate that orchid bees diversified rapidly, particularly at 15–20 Mya. This method calculates dissimilarity as the mean square (pair-wise) Euclidian distance among points in morphospace for subclades relative to the variance of the entire clade. We implemented Bayesian phylogenetic analyses in the software package MRBAYES v3.1.1 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003). 8). We calibrated our molecular clock analysis with other corbiculate bee fossils, including the giant honey bee Apis lithohermaea from the Pliocene–Pleistocene (14–16 Myr old) olivine basalts of Japan (Engel, 2006), and the stingless bee Proplebeia dominicana from Miocene (15–20 Myr old) lignite, sandy clay beds of Dominican amber deposits and Chiapas amber (Wille & Chandler, 1964; Camargo, Grimaldi & Pedro, 2000). Within Epeolus, many instances of allopatric speciation were inferred. A model in which diversification constantly increased or decreased following the Weibull law (model B) had a log-likelihood of −359.083 (AIC = 722.167, α = 0.168, β = 1.30). For more than 150 years, orchid bees (tribe Euglossini) have caught the attention of scientists and naturalists alike, mainly as a result of the intricate association of male bees as pollinators of orchid flowers (Dressler, 1967, 1968, 1982a; Roubik & Hanson, 2004). Google Scholar. The first branching of the genus corresponds to that between the species' pair Eufriesea caerulescens + E. micheneri (both restricted to Central America and Mexico) and the rest of the genus, which is distributed widely across the Neotropical region. For each sample, we sequenced a total of ∼4.0 kb from fragments of four different loci, including the mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome oxidase (CO1, 1.2 kb) and the nuclear protein-coding genes elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α, F2 copy, ∼1.2 kb), arginine kinase (ArgK, ∼0.7 kb) and RNA polymerase II (Pol-II, 0.8 kb). The family includes the most important managed pollinator (Apis mellifera, the honey bee) and the only bees domesticated by humans for honey production (1). Innerhalb der Trigona Arten, die offenen Nester bauen, finden sich Arten, wie z.B. Our altitudinal dataset contained 57 lowland species, 23 montane species and 43 widespread species (Fig. Interestingly, both Glossura and Glossurella are not reciprocally monophyletic. In summary, the tribe Euglossini encompasses a diverse, but comparatively well-studied group of bees that inhabits the New World tropics. Mean and standard deviation divergence times (in Myr) calculated for individual nodes of Euglossini via penalized likelihood (PL) and mean path length (MPL). Series 41, 95–98. T. amazonensis, die Nester von bis zu 3 m Länge und 1 m Durchmesser bauen, und die damit die weltweit grössten Nester Stachelloser Bienen darstellen. The phylogenetic relationships within the cleptoparasitic Exaerete reflect previous hypotheses about the internal relationships of the genus (Engel, 1999a; Anjos-Silva et al., 2007). Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. All species of Exaerete are nest-parasites of species of Eulaema or Eufriesea. (2000) The bees of the world, Johns Hopkins university press, Baltimore, xiv+[1]+913. Auf Deutsch werden diese Bienen Pelzbienen genannt, der deutsche Name gilt jedoch auch für verwandte Gattungen, insbesondere für Bienen der Gattung Amegilla. We used its age as a minimum age constraint for the genus Euglossa. In addition, we tested whether significant changes occurred in the diversification rates throughout the evolutionary history of orchid bees by implementing various likelihood-based statistical methods in the software packages APE v2.0 (Paradis, Claude & Strimmer, 2004) and GEIGER v1.2-02 (Harmon et al., 2008). Wille A., Michener C.D. Appendix S1. Species in this genus are arranged into two species' groups based on morphological traits (Kimsey, 1979; Anjos-Silva, Engel & Andena, 2007). 47, 311–372. 9). Orchid bees pose an ideal case to investigate fundamental questions about the role of mutualistic interactions in the origin, evolution and diversification of diverse tropical lineages. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The bee genus Epeolus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) consists of 109 species, which are known to be exclusively cleptoparasites of polyester (or cellophane) bees of the genus Colletes Latreille (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Biol. Our analysis using the DEC model M1 yielded 14 montane monophyletic lineages (Fig. These analyses were carried out using the package GEIGER v1.2-02 (Harmon et al., 2008). Yves Gravier, Genuae [in Latin], Thakar CV, Deodikar GB (1966) Chromosome number in, Tingek S, Mardan M, Rinderer TE, Koeniger N, Koeniger G (1988) Rediscovery of, Tirgari S (1971) Biology and behavioural characteristics of the Iranian dwarf honeybee. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. (2007) Meliponini, in: Moure J.S., Urban D., Melo G.A.R. 21 (Suppl. Hist. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), J. N.Y. Entomol. (Eds. Mus. 8). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT, Nucleic Acids Symp. CAS  It is not yet clear the extent to which allopatric speciation contributed to diversification in Colletes, but the genus’ success in having colonized and diversified across much of the globe made it possible for Epeolus to do the same. In contrast with recent studies of vertebrates (Brumfield & Edwards, 2007; Santos et al., 2009), our results indicate that the colonization of the Amazon by Andean montane lineages was exceedingly rare. In addition, a similar pattern to that found in Euglossa was obtained for Eufriesea. Eulaema is subdivided into two morphologically distinct subgenera (Moure, 1950, 2000). A new species of cleptoparasitic bee of the genus Thyreus Panzer (Apinae: Melectini) is described and figured from northern Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia.Thyreus shebicus Engel, sp. Ihering H.v. Juggling with volatiles: exposure of perfumes by displaying male orchid bees, Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, Experience-dependent choices ensure species-specific fragrance accumulation in male orchid bees, Fragrances, male display and mating behaviour of, Fragrance collection, storage, and accumulation by individual male orchid bees. In: Smith DR (ed) Diversity in the genus, Smith DR, Brown WM (1988) Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of European and Africanized honeybees (, Smith DR, Brown WM (1990) Restriction endonuclease cleavage site and length polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of, Smith DR, Palopoli MF, Taylor BR, Garnery L, Cornuet JM, Solignac M, Brown WM (1991) Geographical overlap of 2 mitochondrial genomes in Spanish honeybees (, Spinola M (1806) Insectorum Liguriae species novae aut rariores, quas in agro Ligustico nuper detexit descripsit, et iconibus illustravit adjecto catalogo specierum auctoribus jam enumeratarum, quae in cadem regione passim occurrunt. pp 23-50 | This species was recovered as sister to the subgenus Euglossella using a locus-specific model of sequence evolution, but as sister to the rest of Euglossa using a single (GTR + I + Γ) model of sequence evolution for all loci. LTT plots depict the cumulative (log) number of nodes as a function of time. Phylogénie moléculaire et évolution de l’architecture du nid et comportement chez Trigona s.s. (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Estimated parameters and hypothesis testing using diversification survival models of orchid bee lineages. Here, we present a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ∼4.0 kb of DNA from four loci [cytochrome oxidase (CO1), elongation factor 1‐α (EF1‐α), arginine kinase (ArgK) and RNA polymerase II (Pol‐II)] across the entire tribe Euglossini, including all five genera, eight subgenera and 126 of the approximately 200 known species. Our study adds weight to this emerging paradigm. Z Vgl Physiol 66:355–368 [in German], Koeniger N (1976) Neue Aspekte der Phylogenie innerhalb der Gattung, Koeniger N, Koeniger G (1980) Observations and experiments on migration and dance communication of, Koeniger N, Koeniger G (1991) An evolutionary approach to mating behaviour and drone copulatory organs in, Koeniger N, Weiss J, Maschwitz U (1979) Alarm pheromones of the sting in the genus, Koeniger G, Koeniger N, Mardan M, Otis GW, Wongsiri S (1991) Comparative anatomy of male genital organs in the genus, Koeniger G, Koeniger N, Mardan M, Wongsiri S (1993) Variance in weight of sexuals and workers within and between four, Koeniger N, Koeniger G, Tingek S (2010) Honey bees of Borneo – exploring the center of, Leelamanit W, Neelasaewee S, Boonyom R, Panyim S, Hayashi T, Yasue H, Amano K (2004) The NADH dehydrogenase genes of, Lindauer M (1956) Über die Verständigung bei indischen Bienen. Sci. Brown J.C., Albrecht C. (2001) The effect of tropical deforestation on stingless bees of the genus Melipona (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in central Rondonia, Brazil, J. Biogeogr. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Branch lengths were calculated via maximum likelihood under a GTR + I + Γ model of sequence evolution. The results from our PL and MPL analyses indicated that Euglossini shared a most recent common ancestor during the Miocene–Eocene periods (27–42 Mya), depending on whether we use the oldest or youngest ages of the fossil calibrations (Supporting Information Table S2). Wille A. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, Seeley TD, Seeley RH, Akratanakul P (1982) Colony defence strategies of the honeybee in Thailand. 480–519. 8). Chronograms of orchid bees obtained via minimum path length (A, B) and penalized likelihood (C, D) employing the younger minimum ages (A, C) and older ages (B, D) of fossils used to calibrate molecular clocks. (1991) Evolution of nest architecture, in: Ross K.G., Matthews R.W. (1903) Biologie der stachellosen Honigbienen Brasiliens, Zool. We assigned taxa to biogeographical regions of endemism described by Morrone (2006), and coded the distribution (presence/absence) of orchid bee taxa into discrete geographical regions by surveying both the literature (Kimsey, 1982; Ramírez et al., 2002; Roubik & Hanson, 2004; Nemésio & Silveira, 2007; Nemésio, 2009a, b) and museum collections.

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